HISTORY OF CRICKET

Cricket is a bat and ball game and played between two teams of 11 player in each and the game is said to have originated in the 16^th century 

There is no definite proof about the origion of cricket .majority of persons say that the cricket was orginated in england. According to he 'wisdon',which is called the bible of god ,the cricket is mentioned first time in 1300A.D it is verified from bat and ball,which were found in almirah of 'king edward'.the cricket word used in dictionary of florida. Possibly cricket was derived from bowls.the some source say that in 1598 cricket is called creckett.in 1706, william gold metioned a cricket match in his poem.In 1709,the first cricket match was played between the teams of londan and kent.in 1710 cambridge university and in 1729 oxford university start playing  cricket. 

The imortant lession of cricket start from 1760 A.D  .In 1760, the first cricket club was formed in england and club name was hambuldon club .this club produced the famous player likke jhon nyren.the second golden chapter of cricket history start from the establishment of marylebone cricket club(MCC) .the club was formed in london in 1787, It is the world's biggest cricket brand. the first cricket match was played at lord's the famous cricket ground on june 27,1788.the first official test match was played in 15 march,1877 between england and australia.this match won by australia, after that imperial cricket conference was formed in england in 1909and along cricket got its international recognisation in same year.besides england,australia and south africa became a members of imperial cricket conference.In 1926,india,west indies and newzealand alo became its members.pakistan also became its member in 1952.In 1971 south africa was debarred from its membership due to racial policy.

The name of this conference this conference changed to "international cricket conference ".with passage of time other countries (besides commonwealth countries)also got it membership. Now india, england, australia, sri lanka, westindies, new zealand,pakistan,america,argentina,canada,denmark,kenya,zimbabwe,bangladesh,holland,bermuda,fiji,singapore,hong kong,israel and malaysia,etc.are its member of associate members.

the first one day match in cricket history was played on 5th january ,1971.this one-day match was played between england and australia 40 over per innings were fixed for this match. Australia won the game by 5 wickets.the credit of organisation and development of one day international cricket matches also goes to england as result the england organised first world cup in June 1975. The teams of eight countries took part in this world cup. west indies defeated australia by 17 runs during the final match of this world cup.

The first ICC Twenty-20 world cup cricket was started in 2007, which contested in south africa from 11 to 24 September 2007. Twelve teams took part in the thirteen-day tournament. India won the tournament, beating Pakistan in the final.

The brief cricket history of india

the cricket was introduced in india after arrival of britishers.the history of indian cricket begins from 1721

The first cricket club of india was formed in calcutta in 1792. Inthe beginning,cricket was played by kings and princes but now it has become a popular game in india. The first team from india toured england in 1866. In the beginning, the indian cricket players showed their capabilities by participating  in foreign teams .first time ,maharaja ranjit singh, the member of english made a century in world cup cricket. india played its first test match against england at lord,s ground in 1932.the ranji trophy was started in 1934. in 1928, under the chairmanship of R.E Grant,the indian cricket control board was formed. IN 1983 and 2011 india won the world cricket. 

the first ICC Twenty-20 world cup cricket was started in 2007 and india won the tournament beating the pakistan. 

famous cricket player in indian history:  kapil dev, Sachin Tendulkar, sunil gavasker, anil kumble, Rahul dravid, sourav ganguly, mohammed azharuddin, vijay hazare ,v.v.s laxman

India one famous cricket player who got a bharat ratna in 2014 was Sachin Tendulkar 

Link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cricket

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket

http://www.indiaonlinepages.com/sports/cricket/cricketers/

https://www.google.co.in/search?q=sachin+tendulkar&es_sm=122&biw=1366&bih=643&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=IZy2VNakGJOhugSS0oGACA&sqi=2&ved=0CAcQ_AUoAg#tbm=isch&q=world+cup+in1983

India’s First Empire

the first india empire was the The Maurya Empire (322–185 BCE). It was the first empire and largest subcontinent.the empire established by Chandragupta Maurya in Magadha (in modern Bihar).

The maurya empire

during the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE most of the  subcontinent was conquered by the Maurya Empire. chandragupta maurya was born on powerful kindom of magda which is  centerd on the lower ganges river.before maurya the kingdom was ruled by a nanda dynasty .In 321 B.C Chandragupta Maurya, with the help of Chanakya, defeated the Magadha king  nanda .claimed the throne.And began the mauryan empire

chandragupta unifies the north india .He moved northwest and seize all the land from magdha to the indus. Around 305 b.c chandragupta start the battle seleucus because seleucus wanted to macedonian control over the Indus Valley .After some year fighting ,however,chandragupta defeated seleucus in 303B.C..,then mauryan empire streched more than 2,000 miles

to win his war maurya army raised by 600,000 soldiers on foot, 30,000 soldiers on horseback, and 9,000 elephants.

Running the maurya empire

Chandragupta relied on an adviser named Kautilya who was a member of the priestly caste.And he he wrote a ruler’s hand –book name “Arthasastra”.  He is widely credited for having played an important role in the establishment of the Maurya Empire. Chanakya continued to serve as an advisor to Chandragupta after the establishment of the Maurya Empire .arthasastra proposed tough-minded policies to hold an empire together. Chandragupta created a highly bureaucratic government. He divided the empire into four provinces, each headed by a royal prince. Each province was then divided into local capital,  the names of the four provincial capitals are tosali ,Ujjain,suvarnagri and taxila whose officials assessed taxes and enforced the law.

Life in the city and country

  Pataliputra was one of the most amazing cities of that time because of its beautiful buildings and royal palaces, but as most of these constructions were made of wood they got damaged over a period of time. Eager to stay at peace with the Indian emperor, Seleucus sent an ambassador, Megasthenes to Chandragupta’s capital .he wrote the descriptions of chandragupta’s palace  with its gold-covered pillars, many fountains, and imposing thrones. The capital city featured beautiful parks and bustling markets.megasthenes also describe the city life of city i.e how they live and how farmers lived.

 Although Chandragupta was a fierce warrior, in 301 B.C., he gave up his throne and converted to Jainism.after the Chandragupta his son ruled in mauryan  empire

Bindusara was the son of the first Mauryan emperor Chandragupta Maurya and his queen Durdhara. During his reign, the empire expanded southwards. Bindusara, just 22 year-old, inherited a large empire and he extended this empire to the southern part of India, He ruled for 32 years and died in 272ECE and was succeeded by his son  Ashoka the great. And  Ashoka  brought the Mauryan Empire to its greatest heights.

ASHOKA THE GREAT

Chandragupta's grandson Ashok Vardhan Maurya, son of Bindusara, was also known as Ashoka or Ashoka The Great. (reign 272- 232 BCE)

Asoka became king of the Mauryan Empire in 269 B.C.

He followed the the rule of his grand father and he expands the his empire  Ashoka, in 260 BCE, set out to achieve something no previous Mauryan emperor had done – fight and win a war with Kalinga (modern-day Odisha). The ensuing Battle of Kalinga was of gigantic proportions with reportedly 100,000 soldiers at war and many more civilians. Legend has it that the nearby river was red with the streaming blood of the soldiers.

 Although victorious, Asoka felt sorrow over the slaughter at Kalinga. As a result, he studied Buddhism and decided to rule by the Buddha’s teaching of “peace to all beings.” Throughout the empire, Asoka erected huge stone pillars inscribed with his new policies. Some edicts guaranteed that Asoka would treat his subjects fairly and humanely

Ashoka thereby sought to live up to his name Ashoka the Great by doing such great things. His life, now the stuff of legend, is recorded in the Asokavardana and his edicts are now famous monuments. Besides this, Ashoka’s contribution to modern-day Indian polity includes the Ashoka Chakra – the round wheel-like symbol located at the center of the modern Indian flag. 

Asoka had extensive roads built so that he could visit the far corners of India. He also improved conditions along these roads to make travel easier for his officials and to improve communication in the vast empire

After a extension in a large empire he died in 232 b.c

 The Gupta Empire Is Established

After 500 years of invasion and turmoil, a strong leader again arose in the northern state of Magadha. His name was Chandra Gupta , but he was no relation to India’s first emperor, Chandragupta Maurya. India’s second empire, the Gupta Empire, oversaw a great flowering of Indian civilization, especially Hindu culture. Chandra Gupta Builds an Empire The first Gupta emperor came to power not through battle but by marrying a daughter of an influential royal family. After his marriage, Chandra Gupta I took the title “Great King of Kings” in A.D. 320. His empire included Magadha and the area north of it, with his power base along the Ganges River. His son, Samudra  Gupta, became king in A.D. 335. Although a lover of the arts, Samudra had a warlike side. He expanded the empire through 40 years of conquest.

Height of the gupta empire

The While village life followed unchanging traditional patterns, the royal court of the third Gupta emperor was a place of excitement and growth. Indians revered Chandra Gupta II for his heroic qualities. He defeated the Shakas— enemies to the west—and added their coastal territory to his empire. This allowed the Guptas to engage in profitable trade with the Mediterranean world. Chandra Gupta II also strengthened his empire through peaceful means by negotiating diplomatic and marriage alliances. He ruled from A.D. 375 to 415. During the reign of the first three Guptas, India experienced a period of great achievement in the arts, religious thought, and science. These will be discussed in Section 2. After Chandra Gupta II died, new invaders threatened northern India. These fierce fighters, called the Hunas, were related to the Huns who invaded the Roman Empire. Over the next 100 years, the Gupta Empire broke into small kingdoms. Many were overrun by the Hunas or other Central Asian nomads. And The Empire ended about 535

Uttari Toran, Northern Gate, Sanchi Stupa built by King Ashoka in 3rd century BC, which contained the relics of Buddha.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_Empire

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_Empire

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanakya
http://history-world.org/indian_empire.htm
http://www.culturalindia.net/indian-history/ancient-india/ashoka.html

RANI LAXMI BAI

The great heroine of the First war of India Freedom. She was the queen(rani) of the maratha ruled jhansi state which situated in the north central part of India lived for only twenty-two years. She became a widow in her eighteenth year. And  She was one of the leaders of the Indian Rebellion of 1857.

Rani laxmibai born on 19^th November 1826 in kashi(vanaras) During her childhood, she was called by the name Manikarnika. Affectionately, her family members called her Manu.

at the age of four her mother died. While pursuing studies, she also took formal training in martial arts, which included horse riding, shooting and fencing. To  know the complete life history of Rani Laxmibai of Jhansi.

Rani Laxmi Bai was married to Raja Gangadhar Rao Newalkar at the early age of 7 to the Maharaja of Jhansi in 1842 and the became the rani of Jhansi after their marriage, she was given the name Laxmi Bai. The Raja was very affectionate towards her.

She gave birth to a son, Damodar Rao, in 1851. However, the child died when he was about four months old. After his death, the Raja and Rani of Jhansi adopted Anand Rao. Anand Rao was the son of Gangadhar Rao’s cousin, and was later renamed Damodar Rao. It is said that the Gangadhar never recovered from his son’s death, and died on 21 November 1853.When the Maharaja died, Rani Laxmi Bai was just eighteen years old, After the death of her husband the head of the British government of India refused to allow her adopted son to become raja and Jhansi was then ruled by the British. But never lost her courage and took up the responsibility of protecting the interests of Jhansi.  Rani Jhansi was determined not to give up Jhansi. She strengthened its defences and assembled a volunteer army. Women were also given military training. Rani's forces were joined by warriors including Gulam Gaus Khan, Dost Khan, Khuda Baksh, Lala Bhau Bakshi, Moti Bai, Sunder-Mundar, Kashi Bai, Deewan Raghunath Singh and Deewan Jawahar Singh.

Women were also given military training to fight a battle. In the revolt, Rani Lakshmibai was accompanied by her generals. Women were also given military training to fight a battle. In the revolt, Rani Laxmibai was accompanied by her generals. 

While this was happening in Jhansi, on May 10, 1857 the soldier Mutiny of India started in Meerut. This would become the starting point for the rebellion against the British. It began after rumours were put about that the new bullet casings for their Enfield rifles were coated with pork/beef fat, pigs being taboo to Muslims and cows sacred to Hindus and thus forbidden to eat. British commanders insisted on their use and started to discipline anyone who disobeyed. During this rebellion many British civilians, including women, and children were killed by the sepoys. The British wanted to end the rebellion quickly.

 

 

 Her hesitation eventually came to an end when British troops arrived under Sir Hugh Rose and laid siege to Jhansi on 23 March 1858. An army of 20,000, headed by Tatya Tope, was sent to relieve Jhansi but failed to do so when his forces engaged with the British on 31 March. Three days later the besiegers were able to breach the walls and capture the city. The Rani escaped by night with her son, surrounded by her guards, many of them women.

Along with the young Damodar Rao, the Rani decamped to Kalpi along with her forces where she joined other rebel forces, including those of Tatya Tope. The Rani and Tatya Tope moved on to Gwalior, where the combined rebel forces defeated the army of the Maharaja of Gwalior after his armies deserted to the rebel forces.

In March 1858 British forces led by Sir Hugh Rose came to Jhansi to take back the city from the Rani who now wanted independence. Jhansi was besieged and finally taken after strong resistance. Many of the people of the city were killed in the fighting and afterwards. The Rani escaped to Kalpi and jointly with the Maratha general Tatya Tope then seized Gwalior. In the battle in which the British forces commanded by Sir Hugh Rose conquered Gwalior, fought on 17 and 18 June  on the second day of fighting, the great heroine of the first struggle for India freedom ,at the age of 23 years, she lost her life .that unfortunate day was 18^th June of 1858

Link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rani_Lakshmibai

http://www.iloveindia.com/indian-heroes/rani-laxmibai.html

http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rani_Lakshmibai